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Sunday, 18 October 2015

Nietzsche: Eternal Recurrence

Nietzsche asserts in 'beyond good and evil' that "If one has character, one also has one’s typical experience which always recurs." (§70) What Nietzsche means by this cryptic aphorism is not clear at first glance and it is my intention to examine, illustrate and evaluate his point in this essay.
    Firstly I will consider what Nietzsche lastly refers to with the term "experience which always recurs". What I assume Nietzsche is referring to at this point is the idea that experience is recurrent. That at the moment I am sat typing this essay the decisions that I make should be made such that if they should recurr I would willing to be responsible for them over and over again. This is an unusual claim for Nietzsche and may appear inconsistent with his thought elsewhere. For example Nietzsche exclaims in 'Thus spake Zarathustra..' that proponents of "superearthly" claims are – among other more colourful descriptions– despisers of life. It is perhaps then safe to conclude that Nietzsche does not propose this idea as a fact of nature, but for another reason, the purpose of which may become clearer as we consider his earlier thought, namely in the will to power.
    Nietzsche asserts that life itself is will to power; life will strive to spread, flourish and become predominant –in Nietzsche’s words to "discharge it's strength". Nietzsche explains that this is not contingent upon, or constrained by, categories of good and evil; life may be furthered or preserved by acts considered evil or good. If above all things a human being strives for predominance, what then are the implications of this in Nietzsche's recurrent universe? In answer to this question I would like to further examine the first part of Nietzsche's statement "if one has character". To understand this section I will make the assumption that Nietzsche is talking about his concept of the Übermensch or superman. Nietzsche presents the superman as the goal or aim of humankind; my assumption is that the character of which Nietzsche speaks is that of the superman.
    Nietzsche's superman is not constrained or limited by conventional morality, nor is he distracted by superearthly or 'metaphysical' claims. He represents the ultimate human being and the highest human attainment. The superman represents man and his transcendence of his himself; in going beyond himself he has the strength to completely accept the past with it's perceived (and actual) failures and to truly will it's eternal return. For Nietzsche the superman is able to will the eternal recurrence because it validates forever all that he has become and should be; nothing greater can he do except to will the eternal recurrence. Nietzsche's concept of the superman then is a helpful illustration of his aphorism; If an individual has the character of the superman he also has a standard experience in every instance of the context he finds himself.
    The title of this essay asserts that Nietzsche believes decision ought always be made on the thought experiment of eternal recurrence, but would Nietzsche support this claim? Based on my examination I would agree that he does. For Nietzsche to strive for predominance, and fully actualise my potential and possibility, I should make each decision in such a way that no greater thing can be done.
    To illustrate Nietzsche's point I will consider an example. If I was to choose post graduate education I would observe that my aim would be to achieve the best grades, to learn and develop my understanding and ultimately attain the qualification to which my study was orientated. In Nietzsche's view of the will to power I might also have the unconscious (or perhaps conscious but not admitted) desire to become an authority or significant figure in whichever field I might study. What I wouldn't find would be that my aim would be an overwhelming desire to fail or not to succeed in my venture. Nietzsche's will to power makes sense in this context; human beings strive to grow and flourish not to fail.
Taken further, how would my venture in education be affected when confronted with the possibility of eternal recurrence? It is very likely that, in accordance with the will to power, I would strive to discharge the sum of my potential and possibility in every aspect. If confronted with the possibility of living every moment again I would carefully consider each action taken and reflexivity would characterise my decision making process. For fear of missing an opportunity to increase in learning, or to achieve a better grade, there would be no room for apathy or complacency when faced with a decision.
    Such a position is not without merit, adopting the view that each decision should carry such weight, might push an individual to achieve a greatness that he might otherwise not attain. The severity and seriousness of such a thought experiment suggests something of the value that Nietzsche places on making considered decisions and the consequence of making poor decisions. That considered such a view is then not without difficulty. The responsibility of making good choices may paralyse me and prevent or delay urgent action when the answer is not clear to me. It is also not always clear that the decision I make is the right or best decision often until after it has been made. I may strive for predominance and order my existence as though faced with the eternal recurrence, yet the outcome may not be desirable.

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